Author: Гнедько Марина

Georgia is a hospitable Caucasian country with a rich culture and a unique language. Many tourists worry about the language barrier when traveling there. How can you communicate in a restaurant, ask for directions, or thank the host of a guesthouse? In this guide, as an experienced travel company, we will explain the official language of Georgia and how widely Russian and English are understood there. We will provide practical advice on situations where you can rely on locals’ knowledge of foreign languages, teach you a few simple Georgian phrases, and share amusing stories from our travelers’ experiences. The friendly tone of Georgian hospitality and a few words in the local language will surely help you feel “at home” even far from home!

The Official Language and Linguistic Environment of Georgia

 The Alphabet Tower in Batumi – a 130-meter structure wrapped in a spiral of 33 letters of the Georgian alphabet – symbolizes Georgians’ love for their native language. The Georgian language (ქართული ენა, kartuli ena) is the sole official language of Georgia. It is unique: it belongs to the Kartvelian language family and is unlike any other major language in the world. Its writing system is also special – Georgians use an original alphabet of 33 letters (visible on the famous Alphabet Tower in Batumi) that has no equivalents. Without preparation, understanding Georgian speech is virtually impossible: the sounds and words are entirely different from European languages, and the meaning of words is often recognized only through context and intonation. But don’t be alarmed – locals do not expect tourists to know Georgian and are always ready to help with a smile.

Historically, besides Georgian, many people in the country speak other languages. During the USSR era, Russian was the language of interethnic communication, so practically every older Georgian speaks Russian fluently. The younger generation, however, grew up in independent Georgia and more often studies English as the first foreign language in school – this language gradually replaces Russian in cities and in education. Nevertheless, in practice, Russian is still widely understood: a significant part of the population knows it at least at a basic level, especially older people and those who have worked with tourists from post-Soviet countries. English has gained popularity over the past decades – many young Georgians speak it, especially in large cities and in tourism and service sectors. Often, representatives of the new generation speak English better than Russian, while the older generation is the opposite. As a result, today, almost every worker in Georgia’s tourism sector knows either Russian or English (and often both). Many Georgians are actually trilingual – they speak their native Georgian, Russian, and English fluently.

Besides these languages, in multicultural Georgia, you may also hear other languages. For example, in the Samegrelo region, many locals speak Megrelian in addition to standard Georgian, and in the mountains of Svaneti – Svan. In the autonomous republic of Abkhazia, alongside Georgian, Abkhaz is officially recognized. However, on typical trips around Georgia, tourists are unlikely to need these rare languages – the vast majority of the population speaks Georgian, and almost all official information is duplicated in it. For communication with travelers, Russian and English remain the primary languages.

Practical Tips: Which Language to Choose as a Tourist

1. Communication in cities and tourist areas. In Georgia’s major cities – Tbilisi, Batumi, Kutaisi, and others – the language barrier is minimal. In the capital, Tbilisi, the younger generation speaks English well, while many middle-aged and older residents know Russian. Hotel staff, large restaurants, travel agencies, guides, and museum cashiers usually speak conversational English. In many establishments, staff also understand Russian – Georgia is oriented toward guests from various countries. For example, in the popular resort city of Batumi on the coast, you can practically always communicate in Russian – this resort traditionally attracts many tourists from CIS countries, so locals are used to speaking Russian. In Tbilisi, in everyday situations, some people switch to Russian more often, while others use English – according to tourists’ feedback, the ratio of Russian to English use in the capital is roughly 60/40 in favor of Russian (including foreign students working in the service sector). Thus, in key locations – popular resorts, the capital, and well-known tourist sites – you will almost certainly find a common language with locals. If a hotel or café staff member does not understand you in Russian, they will usually call a colleague who can help. Georgians are generally very friendly and make an effort to understand the guest, even if they speak another language.

2. Trips to regions and small villages. Outside main tourist areas, the situation may differ slightly. In rural areas and remote corners (for example, highland villages), not all young residents speak foreign languages well, as schools previously taught mainly Georgian and a little English. However, many older people in the regions remember Russian from the Soviet era. Therefore, in the countryside, it can sometimes be easier to communicate with a grandmother in broken Russian than in English. Nevertheless, even in the most remote villages, people will try to help – the language barrier rarely becomes an insurmountable obstacle. If your interlocutor does not understand a word in English or Russian, gestures, smiles, and modern technology will come to the rescue. You can always point to a place on a map or use a translator on your smartphone – Georgia has good mobile internet coverage, and in case of no connection, many download offline translators in advance. Locals appreciate tourists’ initiative to understand them: they see your efforts and may even gather the whole neighborhood to collectively give the right advice. Such situations sometimes lead to amusing mishaps but often become part of pleasant travel memories.

3. Russian or English – which to choose? Tourists from post-Soviet countries can usually rely on Russian – as we noted, “almost everyone speaks at least a little of it.” Travelers who speak only English also have no problem being understood, especially among young people and in cities. If you know both languages, first assess whom you are speaking with. There is an unwritten rule: greet first in Georgian (“gamardjoba!”), then ask how your interlocutor prefers to continue the conversation – in English or Russian. This approach is considered the most polite: you show respect for the country and give the person a choice of language. Many young Georgians, especially in Tbilisi, truly prefer to speak English with tourists (some simply do not know Russian well or feel wary of it for political reasons). Older people, on the other hand, more readily switch to Russian – they often find it harder to communicate in English. Therefore, in the city, you can start a conversation in English with young people and try Russian when speaking with a taxi driver or a middle-aged vendor. In any case, an initial greeting in the local language works wonders: upon hearing the friendly “gamardjoba,” Georgians smile broadly and noticeably warm up in conversation.

4. Useful tips. Pay attention to the languages of signs and pointers around you. City names and major road signs in Georgia are usually duplicated in Georgian and English (Latin script) – don’t get lost. Street names in cities, however, are often written only in Georgian. Therefore, save your hotel address in its original form in advance or take a business card to show locals if needed. By the way, learning the Georgian alphabet is not very difficult if you have time and desire: the alphabet is beautiful, reminiscent of calligraphy, and it can be useful at least for reading signs. But it is not mandatory – most tourists manage perfectly fine without it. Just learn a few phrases and keep a translator handy. Georgians value respect for their culture. Even a few words spoken with an accent can endear you to anyone. One of our guides jokes that a tourist needs three words in Georgian: “gamardjoba,” “madloba,” and “gaumardjos!” The first – for greeting, the second – to thank, and the third – to toast to Georgia’s health ???? (the toast “gaumardjos” means “Long live!..”).

Below, we have prepared a small phrasebook – it will help you master basic polite expressions.

Useful Georgian Phrases

(transcription in parentheses, translation given in Russian)

• გამარჯობა (gamardjoba) — “Hello”
• ნაყოფამდის (nakhvamdis) — “Goodbye”
• გმადლობ(თ) (madloba / gmadlobt) — “Thank you”
• თუ შეიძლება (tu sheidzleba) — “Please” (when requesting)
• დიახ / კი (diakh / ki) — “Yes” (formal / informal)
• არა (ara) — “No”
• უკაცრავად (ukatsravad) — “Excuse me / Sorry” (e.g., to get attention)
• რა ღირს? (ra ghirs?) — “How much is it?” (asking about price)
• სად არის ტუალეტი? (sad aris tualeti?) — “Where is the restroom?”

Of course, this is only a small selection of possible phrases, but they are very helpful in typical situations. Tip: it’s best to start a conversation with locals using a Georgian greeting. Even if your vocabulary is limited to a few expressions, use them – it shows respect for the culture. Georgians highly value such gestures and respond warmly. A market vendor, hearing you say „რა ღირს?“ (“ra ghirs?” – how much is it?), will most likely tell the real price without a tourist markup. In response to your „მადლობა“ (“madloba,” thank you), you will probably hear a friendly „არაფრის!“ – meaning “you’re welcome.”

By the way, if you really want to impress locals and elicit delight, you can try pronouncing a playful tongue-twister Georgians use to test foreigners: ბაყაყი წყალში ყიყინებს (“bakaqi ts’qalshi k’ikinebs” – literally “The frog croaks in the water”). Correctly pronouncing this phrase is only possible for a native speaker, but the humorous attempt invariably draws loud applause and guarantees maximum hospitality! Don’t be afraid to play with the language – your effort will surely be praised.

From Our Travelers’ Experience

The language barrier in Georgia sometimes turns into funny stories, as our clients can confirm. For example, tourist Anna shared how she initially felt shy speaking broken Georgian. On her first day in Tbilisi, she entered a small family café and timidly said to the waiter: «გამრაჯობა, ერთი ყავა, თუ შეიძლება…» – which was supposed to mean “hello, one coffee, please.” The café owner made a serious face… then broke into a smile and replied in Russian: “Of course, it will be ready shortly!” He was so pleased that the guest tried to speak his language that he brought her a treat with the coffee – a piece of homemade pie for free. Laughing, Anna admitted that since then she always started interactions with locals with the magical words “gamardjoba” and “madloba” – and every time saw genuine smiles in response.

Another case involved a couple from Kyiv traveling through mountain villages. They stayed overnight in a guesthouse in Svaneti, where the elderly hostess spoke only Georgian and the local Svan dialect. She knew neither Russian nor English, and the tourists did not know Georgian. Nevertheless, with gestures, smiles, and Google Translate, both sides quickly found common ground. The hostess taught the guests a couple of toasts in Georgian, served them homemade wine, and in the morning saw them off like family, hugging them with the words «კარგად, გénaცwali!» – which meant “Farewell, dear ones!” Not knowing the language did not hinder the travelers at all – on the contrary, it turned an ordinary stay into a heartfelt cultural evening. There are many such stories: some tourists accidentally said a word resembling a vulgar Georgian term and caused bursts of laughter among locals, while others learned the toast „Sakartvelos gaumardjos!“ (“Long live Georgia!”) and received applause at the table.

In conclusion: travel to Georgia without fear of not understanding or being misunderstood. The linguistic environment there is very friendly for tourists. Russian-speaking travelers feel especially comfortable: Russian signs, Russian-speaking guides, and services for guests from the CIS are everywhere. English-speaking tourists also feel confident – young people and service personnel actively practice English. And the Georgian language itself is a highlight, a bonus to your experience. Try to learn at least a few phrases: you will likely enjoy playing with these unusual, sonorous words, and locals will appreciate it. Georgia is rapidly developing and becoming increasingly international: a generation fluent in foreign languages is growing, more bilingual signs appear, services such as menus and audio guides are translated into English and Russian. Yet Georgian hospitality and warmth remain unchanged – you will be understood from half a word, even if pronounced with an accent. As Georgians say, «ჯარჯობდა გენაცვალე» – “Be healthy, dear friends!” Let languages not become a barrier but rather enrich your journey and car rental. მადლობა – thank you, and see you in sunny Georgia!

How It Works: Local Currency and Tools

In Georgia, the official currency in circulation is the Georgian lari (GEL). Other currencies are not accepted, even for tourist services. The official exchange rate is set by the National Bank of Georgia, and banks and licensed exchange offices base their rates on it. Advertising “zero commission” often hides a less favorable exchange rate. Before your trip, it’s worth:

• Monitoring the current exchange rate – the official rate is set by the National Bank, but the difference between buying and selling (the spread) may vary by exchange point. According to experienced travelers, an optimal spread is around 0.01 GEL per US dollar; banks usually have a wider gap.
• Using reliable calculators – banking apps and trusted services help estimate a fair rate and avoid inflated quotes.
• Choosing to be charged in GEL when paying or withdrawing cash – if you use a card, select the local currency instead of your card’s currency; otherwise, the terminal will apply its own exchange rate and markup.

Where to Exchange Money: Banks, Exchange Offices, and ATMs

Banks

Banks in Georgia are the safest option. They offer competitive rates and have a wide branch network, especially in large cities. Major banks operate on weekdays (usually from 9:00 to 18:00) and until noon on Saturdays. Important points:

• Passport required – banks require an ID for exchange operations.
• Fees and rates – banks charge small fees, but the buy/sell spread is wider than in specialized exchange offices.
• Cross rates – if you bring a rare currency to Georgia, it’s better to exchange it into US dollars or euros in advance. Less common currencies (AMD, TRY, UAH, etc.) are usually accepted only by major banks.

Specialized Exchange Offices

Tbilisi has many licensed exchange offices located near metro stations, in large shopping malls, close to hotels, and on main streets. Key advantages:

• Often better rates. Small exchange offices may offer a narrow spread (around 0.01 GEL), which is more favorable than banks.
• Flexible hours – many are open late into the evening.
• No passport required – documents are usually not requested.

However, caution is required:

• Avoid tourist traps. In tourist areas, exchange offices may display attractive rates, but the actual spread can reach 1 GEL, and sometimes hidden commissions of up to 2–8% apply. Always check both buy and sell rates and ask whether a commission is charged.
• Do not use private street money changers. You may encounter unofficial exchangers offering slightly better rates, but there is a high risk of fraud.
• Ask for the final amount. Some exchange offices show favorable figures, but the final payout differs. Clarify how much you will receive before handing over your money.

Airport and Hotels

Airports and hotels offer the least favorable exchange rates: due to higher rent and commissions, the difference is built into the rate. Exchange only a minimal amount here for transportation, and change the main sum in the city.

ATMs

ATMs are widely available in Tbilisi, especially those operated by major banks. Tips for withdrawals:

• Use ATMs of large banks and protect your PIN.
• Consider fees – most ATMs charge around 2–3% for currency conversion to GEL; your home bank may add its own fee and daily withdrawal limits.
• Withdraw larger amounts less frequently to reduce total fees, and keep some cash for trips to regions where ATMs are less common.

What to Watch Out For: Common Mistakes

1. Not checking the current exchange rate. Without knowing the official rate, it’s easy to accept overpriced offers.
2. Exchanging money at the airport or hotel. These locations almost always offer worse rates.
3. Ignoring spreads and commissions. Not just the buy/sell figure matters, but the difference between them.
4. Believing “zero commission” ads. Fees are often hidden in a less favorable rate.
5. Keeping all cash in one place. Split your money between bags or pockets and keep receipts.
6. Forgetting your ID. Banks require a passport or ID; without it, the exchange may not be possible.
7. Not preparing for regional travel. Small towns and villages often lack exchange offices.
8. Using only a bank card. Cards may not be accepted everywhere, and terminals may charge extra fees.

Safety Recommendations

• Exchange currency only at licensed locations – banks or official exchange offices.
• Avoid carrying large amounts of cash – combine cash with cards.
• Take photos of receipts and keep them until the end of your trip.
• Plan currency exchange in advance – especially before traveling to mountains or regions.
• Avoid strangers offering currency exchange – this is unofficial and offers no protection.

Conclusion

Currency exchange in Tbilisi is straightforward if you are prepared. The best rates are often offered by licensed exchange offices in the city center, but before exchanging money, compare rates and make sure there are no commissions. Banks provide reliability and transparency, though with wider spreads. Airports and hotels should be reserved for emergencies only. Monitor exchange rates, plan cash reserves for trips around the country, use ATMs of major banks, and stay attentive — then financial matters won’t overshadow your journey through hospitable Georgia.

After Exchanging Currency – How to Continue Traveling Comfortably Around Tbilisi and Georgia

Once you have lari in hand, the next steps usually involve connectivity, routing, and transportation. If you plan to move around Tbilisi or travel outside the city, the most convenient solution is to take care of a car in advance — allowing you to reach your hotel comfortably, stop for shopping, and plan routes to Mtskheta, Kazbegi, Kakheti, or the seaside without relying on schedules or waiting for taxis during peak hours.

With us, you can rent a car across Georgia with travel-friendly service: convenient pickup locations, washed vehicles before every handover, full fuel tanks, and 24/7 roadside assistance. Upon request, we can provide child seats, a Wi-Fi hotspot, snow chains, ski racks, or a THULE roof box — ensuring your trip during the season and in the mountains remains calm and predictable.

If you’d like, send us your dates, pickup city, and route — we’ll help you choose the right vehicle for your plans and coordinate a convenient pickup time.

In Georgia, having a car allows travelers to explore ancient monasteries, mountain ranges, and seaside resorts without being tied to bus schedules. However, the rental process can hide pitfalls — inexperienced tourists often make mistakes that increase costs or create unnecessary problems. Below are the most common errors when booking a car in Georgia.

Choosing the Wrong Car

Mistake. Many travelers opt for the cheapest car without considering the nature of the roads. According to local rental agencies, small sedans struggle on mountain roads and rough terrain, while budget hatchbacks become problematic on dirt tracks. Local roads vary: highways between Tbilisi and Batumi are convenient, but roads to Svaneti or Tusheti are narrow serpentine routes or dirt roads.

How to Avoid. Evaluate your route before booking. For trips within Tbilisi and Batumi, an economy car is sufficient. If you plan to visit highland areas such as Kazbegi, Svaneti, or protected regions, choose a crossover or SUV with all-wheel drive; these vehicles handle steep climbs, slippery passes, and rough sections more easily. Consider the season: in winter, mountain roads may be closed or require chains, so the car should have winter tires and high ground clearance.

Not Reading the Rental Agreement Carefully

Mistake. Tourists often sign the rental agreement without reviewing mileage limits, refueling rules, or return policies. As a result, mileage may be restricted and exceeding the limit incurs a penalty. Another common issue is unclear fuel policies and hidden fees: some contracts require returning the car with a full tank, and failure to do so leads to charges at inflated rates.

How to Avoid. Read the agreement carefully before payment. Pay attention to:

• Mileage and geographic restrictions — some companies prohibit driving on dirt roads or leaving Georgia without special permission. Violating these rules voids insurance and can result in fines.
• Fuel policy (full-to-full or “return with same level”) and deposit amounts. Check whether you need to return the car with a full tank; otherwise, expect additional charges.
• Rental period and return time — even an hour’s delay can result in being charged for an extra day.

If any points are unclear, ask questions. Rental agencies are happy to explain the details; not asking does not absolve you from following the terms.

Underestimating Insurance

Mistake. Many tourists choose the minimum insurance package, assuming basic coverage is sufficient. In reality, minimal protection leaves some risks on the renter: in case of an accident or damage, they pay for repairs up to the deductible. Some clients also mistakenly believe that their bank card or personal travel insurance will cover damage, but this is not always the case.

How to Avoid. Review insurance options. Full coverage (CDW and SCDW) without a deductible covers nearly all damages and removes the need to pay for repairs. For gravel, winter, or mountain trips, extended insurance is especially important. Check what the policy covers: tires, glass, undercarriage, or off-road damage may not be included. If you plan to visit neighboring countries (Armenia, Turkey), confirm conditions: crossing borders requires a power of attorney and additional insurance.

Not Knowing Local Traffic and Parking Rules

Mistake. Drivers often ignore local traffic rules: speed limits, paid parking, and overtaking rules. As a result, they get fines or have their cars towed. Some tourists fail to pay for parking, thinking “no one will notice,” and face towing or penalties.

How to Avoid. Learn basic traffic rules before your trip. In Georgia, traffic drives on the right; urban speed limit is 60 km/h, outside cities — 90 km/h, highways — 110 km/h. Parking in Tbilisi and Batumi is often paid; payments can be made via apps, parking meters, or SMS. Violating parking rules leads to towing and additional expenses. Note that Georgian drivers may drive aggressively, overtake on curves, and exceed speed limits. Accept the local driving style: keep right, maintain distance, and use the horn where customary in the mountains.

Ignoring Seasonal and Road Conditions

Mistake. Some tourists assume all roads in Georgia are smooth and accessible, planning to visit multiple regions in one day. Secondary roads may be narrow, poorly lit, or dirt tracks. Mountain travel between towns takes longer: reaching Svaneti or Tusheti can take a whole day despite short distances. In winter, passes (like the Georgian Military Road) may close due to avalanches and ice, and in summer — due to repairs or rockfalls.

How to Avoid. Plan a realistic route considering road conditions and season. Check weather reports and pass closures before departure; for winter trips, carry snow chains. Avoid planning more than two or three locations per day: mountain travel is slower than maps suggest. For highland routes, choose a high-clearance vehicle and carry extra fuel, as gas stations are scarce. In early spring or late autumn, confirm that cable cars and tourist services operate.

Last-Minute Booking

Mistake. Leaving rental booking to the last minute results in limited car options and higher prices. During peak season (summer or New Year holidays), suitable cars may be unavailable, and rates rise.

How to Avoid. Book your car as soon as your trip is confirmed. Early booking ensures a wide choice of models, allows price comparison, and access to promotions. Plan carefully if you need a specific class (SUV, minivan) or extra options (child seat, chains). In the off-season (April–May, September–October), prices are lower and availability is higher.

Incomplete Documentation of Car Condition

Mistake. Many renters trust the company and do not document existing scratches, dents, or damage. Upon return, the agency may charge for these issues.

How to Avoid. Inspect the car carefully on pickup: body, glass, mirrors, tires, and interior. Take photos and videos from multiple angles, documenting existing scratches or chips. Check headlights, wipers, and brakes; ensure documents are in the glovebox. On return, inspect the car with the staff and sign a receipt noting all damage. Keep photos and the receipt until your deposit is returned.

Incorrect Fuel Policy Choice

Mistake. Misunderstanding the refueling scheme leads to extra charges. Some companies operate on a “full-to-full” basis, but clients forget to refill before return and pay inflated fees for missing fuel.

How to Avoid. Clarify the fuel policy with the rental company: full-to-full or return at the same level. If full-to-full, fill up at the nearest gas station before return and keep the receipt. For same-level policies, photograph the fuel gauge upon pickup to prevent disputes. In rural areas, gas stations are scarce, so plan routes considering fuel availability.

Not Returning on Time

Mistake. Late return or failure to notify the company can result in extra charges: they may bill an additional day or reassign your car to another customer.

How to Avoid. Return the car on time. If delays are unavoidable, call or message the company and explain; often, rental can be extended at the same rate if notified in advance. When booking, allow buffer time for flight delays or traffic. It’s better to book pickup with a margin than to rush on winding mountain roads.

Ignoring Border-Crossing Permissions

Mistake. Some tourists plan trips to Armenia, Azerbaijan, or Turkey in a rental car without checking conditions. According to Georgian rental companies, standard insurance only covers Georgia; crossing the border without proper documents invalidates the policy, and the renter bears all costs in case of an accident.

How to Avoid. If you plan to cross borders, arrange this with the rental company in advance. You will need a power of attorney and additional insurance. These services require time and fees, so do not attempt spontaneous trips abroad. Without proper documents, entry may be denied even at the border.

Conclusion

Car rental in Georgia is a great way to explore the country, but a successful trip depends on careful preparation. Choose the right car for your route and season, read the agreement and insurance conditions carefully, plan your route considering weather and road conditions, book in advance, document the car’s condition, and follow local rules. By following these tips, you’ll avoid common mistakes and enjoy a comfortable, trouble-free journey.

Features of the Winter Route Tbilisi – Gudauri (Military-Georgian Road)

The route from Tbilisi to Gudauri runs along the famous Military-Georgian Road via the Cross Pass. This highway climbs high into the mountains – the elevation change is about 1,800 meters. The road is a mountain serpentine: many turns and stretches without guardrails, requiring careful attention. In winter, the surface may be snowy or icy. Although the highway is regularly cleared among the first, driving can still be challenging.

During peak season (December – March), traffic increases: tourists heading to the resort and trucks traveling to the border share the road. Allow extra travel time – the usual ~2–2.5 hours from Tbilisi can increase to 3–4 hours under winter conditions. In extreme cases (avalanches, closures), the journey can take 6–8 hours. Plan your departure with a time buffer and note that after heavy snowfall, the pass may be temporarily closed due to snow or wind. Information on road restrictions is usually available in news reports and Ministry of Emergency Situations updates.

Preparing Your Car for Winter Roads

Before heading into the mountains, make sure your vehicle is fully prepared for winter conditions.

Tires: good tires are essential on steep road sections. From December, winter tires (snowflake-marked, tread ≥3 mm) are mandatory on the Mleta – Kobi section of the Military-Georgian Road. Check that your car is equipped with winter tires; if not, request a tire change from the rental company. When renting a car from us, you can be sure the vehicle comes with winter tires. We prepare our cars for the season and mountain conditions in advance.

Snow Chains are also recommended – some challenging sections in severe ice conditions are passable only with chains (police may stop you and require chains during worsening weather).

Brakes: descending from the pass requires fully functional brakes. Check the brake fluid level and braking efficiency, and if in doubt, ask the rental service to inspect them.

Fuel: always start with a full tank. Your rental car is provided with fuel, but make sure it is actually full and refuel in Tbilisi before the ascent. Gas stations beyond the capital are sparse – around Gudauri and Stepantsminda, fueling options are limited, so it’s best to have enough fuel for the round trip.

Windshield washer fluid: fill with antifreeze fluid and check wiper functionality. Mountain roads are often covered with snow and de-icing chemicals, which can dirty the windshield – a supply of washer fluid is essential for safe visibility. Also, ensure your windshield and mirror heaters are working – temperatures at night drop sharply, and ice forms quickly.

Tip: if possible, choose a higher-class vehicle for winter travel. All-wheel drive or a crossover provides more confidence on the pass. Even on cleared asphalt, a powerful SUV is more stable on climbs and descents. For a standard sedan, pay close attention to road conditions and speed – on steep serpentine roads, especially in snowfall, high ground clearance and all-wheel drive make driving significantly easier.

Additional Options: When and Why to Request

Rental cars come with insurance and basic amenities, but a range of additional options can make your winter trip more comfortable and safer. All necessary accessories are available from the rental company – you just need to request them during booking or in advance. Here are key options and their benefits:

• Snow Chains: the main winter option for mountain roads. Request chains mandatory if planning to climb the pass after heavy snowfall or in icy conditions. Even with winter tires, chains provide extra traction on particularly steep or icy stretches. In Georgia, chains are often required on challenging winter road sections, and rentals usually provide them on request. Better to have them and not need them than to face a slippery section without chains.
• Ski Rack / Thule Box: if you are going skiing, indicate the need for a roof ski rack or cargo box when booking. This allows you to store skis, snowboards, or bulky winter gear safely. Otherwise, you may have to cram equipment inside the cabin, which is inconvenient and potentially unsafe. A dedicated ski and snowboard rack or branded box (e.g., Thule) secures your equipment and keeps passenger space free.
• Wi-Fi Router: useful for those needing constant connectivity or remote work on the road. Mobile Wi-Fi allows passengers to use the internet and the driver to access weather updates, traffic, and pass status online. Mountain connectivity can be spotty, so a router with a local SIM card (usually offered by the rental) ensures internet on the move. If planning to work or share navigation with your group, request a Wi-Fi modem in advance.
• Child Seats: required for families with children. Georgian law requires children under 12 to ride only in the back seat, and infants under ~3 years in a special restraint. Even if some flexibility exists, child safety comes first. Rental companies provide seats for a small fee – indicate children’s ages during booking. Check the seat’s attachment before departure.
• Additional Driver: long mountain drives in snow are demanding. If traveling with a companion, add a second driver option. This allows shifts at the wheel and prevents fatigue. Especially useful for less experienced winter drivers – responsibilities can be shared, giving each a rest. Legally, only drivers listed in the contract may operate the car, so add the second driver in advance (usually a small additional fee).

Note that some additional options incur extra charges, so confirm availability in advance. Plan which options you need and include them in the booking – this ensures your car is prepared accordingly and saves time at pickup.

Winter Driving in the Mountains

As you approach the ski resort, road conditions can deteriorate rapidly. Here are practical tips for winter driving:

Speed: drive slowly and smoothly on snow and ice. Sudden acceleration or braking is dangerous – the car may skid. Recommended not to exceed ~80 km/h even on cleared sections. On steep serpentine curves, speed should be lower. Remember: it’s better to spend an extra hour than risk an accident – any mistake in these conditions can have serious consequences.

Distance: maintain a following distance several times greater than usual. Braking distance increases dramatically on slippery roads. Experienced drivers recommend up to 10 times the normal distance in winter. Practically, keep a 5–6 second interval behind the vehicle ahead. This buffer gives time to react if someone skids or brakes suddenly.

Braking: use engine braking on descents and icy stretches. Shift to a lower gear early, so the car slows without hard brake application. For automatic transmission, use manual mode (e.g., 2nd or 3rd gear, or “L” – Low). Driving in third gear during snowfall is optimal: the car starts smoothly and brakes effectively using the engine. Use the brake pedal gently with short presses. If equipped with ABS, press firmly and do not release during emergency braking – pulsation is normal. Stay calm: electronic systems help you stop safely on slippery surfaces.

Turns and maneuvers: when entering a turn on snow, lift off the accelerator and negotiate the curve in a lower gear without sharp steering. Avoid overtaking on serpentine roads – shoulders may hide ice or snowbanks. Remember: overtaking on icy roads is a last resort. Better to follow slower traffic than risk losing control. If the car begins to skid (rear end slides), do not brake – steer gently into the skid and ease off the accelerator to regain control.

Challenging sections: be extra cautious on bridges, shaded areas, and after tunnels. Bridges and overpasses freeze first; cross slowly and avoid lane changes. Ice often forms after tunnels due to temperature differences. Approaching the pass, galleries (avalanche protection tunnels) may leave the road snow-covered immediately after exit. Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel as gusts or snow drifts can push the car off course.

Time of Day and Weather Considerations

Time of day: plan your ascent to Gudauri during daylight. Night driving in the mountains involves multiple risks: almost zero visibility in snowfall or fog, wildlife crossing the road, and sharp temperature drops causing ice. Daylight offers better conditions: sun (if present) melts snow slightly, snowplows clear the road, and main icy sections are treated with de-icing agents. Also, daytime driving allows visual assessment of road conditions and enjoyment of the mountain scenery. Avoid night travel through the pass unless absolutely necessary. If delayed, it’s better to overnight at lower elevation and depart at sunrise.

Weather: check the forecast before departure. Mountain weather changes quickly – sunny one moment, stormy the next. Snowfall: exercise extra caution or postpone travel during heavy snow. Georgian road crews typically clear roads within hours after a storm. If unusually heavy snow (>1 m at once) falls, roads may not be cleared immediately. Historically, snowdrifts and avalanches near Mleta have made the road to Gudauri impassable for several days. Fog: common at the pass. Use fog lights (if available) or low beams, reduce speed, and follow road markings or tunnel walls for guidance. Avoid high beams – they reduce visibility in fog. Blizzards and strong winds: open sections (Cross Pass, before Kobi) can experience hurricane-force gusts. Winds may push vehicles off course and form snow drifts. If a blizzard starts, wait in a safe spot (gas station, police post, or roadside café) rather than risk driving.

Pass closures: be prepared for authorities to close the Cross Pass during extreme weather for safety or clearing. This can happen after heavy snow, avalanche threats, or immediately after an avalanche – clearing takes time. During closures, access to Gudauri from any side is blocked by police checkpoints. Predicting closures in advance is difficult – it depends on weather. Monitor updates: road status can be checked via news sites, tourist hotlines, or your rental company. Tourist hotline in Georgia: 1441 (support in Russian, English, and Georgian).

If you are already en route and learn the pass is closed, do not continue ascending. Stop at the nearest settlement until conditions improve. For example, wait in villages lower on the slope (Pasanauri, Ananuri) or return to Mtskheta/Tbilisi with hotels available. Restrictions usually last 1–2 days, rarely over a week. Keep a thermos with hot tea, water, and snacks in case you are stuck or waiting. A warm blanket or extra clothing is also useful – mountain temperatures in winter can drop to -15…-20°C, and a parked car gets cold quickly.

Emergency Actions

We hope your journey goes smoothly, but in the mountains, be prepared for unexpected situations. Good news: renting from a reliable company provides 24/7 road support. If your car breaks down, gets stuck, or there is an incident – contact the rental support service immediately. Most Georgian rental companies offer 24/7 roadside assistance: staff promptly consult and dispatch help. Add the support number from your rental contract to your phone and keep it charged during the trip.

For serious incidents (accidents with injuries, major breakdowns at night, etc.) – call the emergency number 112. In Georgia, 112 is available 24/7 from mobile or landline, connecting to fire, ambulance, or police as needed. Clearly explain the situation and your location (milestone numbers on the Military-Georgian Road or the nearest village).

Useful contacts to have: 112 (emergency), rental company support number, backup contact for the rental office or manager, and your insurance company if you have extended coverage. Many rentals provide basic insurance, but Super CASCO (full coverage) is usually an extra option. Confirm your coverage and procedures for accidents – whether to wait for police. Normally, rental support staff guide all steps and may assist with translation when communicating with local authorities.

If your car is stuck in snow on the approach (e.g., shoulder or uncleared parking), do not try to force it out – you may dig in deeper. Instead, call our support; we can dispatch assistance or guide you to the nearest tractor or jeep that can pull the car out. In Gudauri and nearby, locals can help for a fee, but coordinate through the rental company first. Remember, your rental includes roadside assistance, so use it.

Alternative Plan in Bad Weather

Sometimes the best decision is not to drive if the road is dangerous. During heavy snow or pass closure notifications, it is wise to adjust plans. Alternative routes are limited (the only way to Gudauri is via Cross Pass), so the main option is postpone the trip until conditions improve. If already leaving Tbilisi and facing problems on the pass, consider:

• Overnight stop along the way. Instead of risking the road, find a hotel or guesthouse nearby. For example, Pasanauri (about 70 km from Tbilisi) has several accommodations; options exist in Gudauri or lower along the road. Overnight and depart in the morning – roads may be cleared overnight, and conditions improve.
• Return to a safe zone. If you’ve climbed high and face a blizzard or traffic jam ahead, it may be better to descend to lower altitudes (where there is no snow) and wait. Descend, for instance, to Ananuri or near the Jinvali Reservoir – lower, warmer, with cafes and gas stations. Wait until authorities confirm the road is open.
• Change your travel route. In extreme cases, if the forecast is unfavorable for the next days, consider alternative destinations. Georgia has other ski resorts (Bakuriani, Goderdzi), or you can explore Tbilisi and surrounding attractions, postponing Gudauri for later. This is a Plan B, but safety is more important than sticking rigidly to the original plan.

Remember: in the mountains, the ultimate dictator is the weather. Experienced travelers always leave room for flexibility in their schedule. Keep an eye on weather reports, ask locals for advice (in Georgia, people are usually happy to provide up-to-date information), and don’t hesitate to decide to stop if conditions worsen. Your rental car won’t go anywhere – it’s better to arrive later safely than risk an adventure. Rental companies usually accommodate extensions in case of force majeure or if you need to adjust your schedule (check the terms; many offer a one-day extension at a discounted rate during bad weather).

The winter road to Gudauri is a challenge that requires both technical preparation and mental readiness. Plan your route taking mountain realities into account, check your vehicle, equip it with the necessary options, and strictly follow safe driving rules. By doing so, your journey will go smoothly, and you’ll be able to fully enjoy the beauty of the Caucasus Mountains without unnecessary worries. Wishing you a safe trip and soft snow!

An unexpected flight delay is an unpleasant situation, especially if you have a scheduled time to pick up a rental car. However, knowing the proper procedure, you can correctly reschedule the car pick-up time so that it will be ready upon your arrival and your trip won’t be disrupted.

Notify us about the delay immediately

As soon as you learn about a significant flight delay, contact our company representatives right away. Do not postpone notification until your arrival — the sooner you inform us about the rescheduling, the higher the chances that the car pick-up can be adjusted without issues. We always accommodate clients in case of delays if we are informed on time. Prompt notification allows us to adjust the car delivery time or make changes to your booking according to the new arrival schedule.

How to properly notify about rescheduling the pick-up

Use a convenient communication channel for urgent contact. The easiest way is to call us directly or send a message via messenger (e.g., WhatsApp). You can also duplicate the information by email for certainty. In your message, be sure to include the key client and booking details:

• Full Name (as in the booking)
• Booking number (if provided upon confirmation)
• Flight number and new estimated time of arrival (ETA)

For example: “Hello, this is Ivan Ivanov, booking №12345. My flight SU 186 is delayed, new estimated arrival in Tbilisi ~18:30 instead of 16:00. Please reschedule the car pick-up to the time of arrival.” Providing such information helps our staff quickly locate your booking and make changes. Please note that our company does not have a personal account system for independently modifying reservations — all communication is handled directly with managers, so it is important to notify us of any changes in advance.

What happens if you don’t notify

If you simply arrive late at the scheduled time without notification, serious problems may arise for both you and the company:

• The car will not be ready on time. Our employee will arrive at the agreed time and may not find you. They may have to leave for other assignments, and the car pick-up will need to be rescheduled. As a result, you lose time, and the rental start will be delayed.
• Risk of booking cancellation. Many rental companies cancel a reservation if the client does not show up at the scheduled time and does not make contact. In other words, the car may be given to another client. You would then have to urgently find another car, and the prepayment for the missed rental usually is not refunded.
• Additional costs. Some companies charge a penalty for being late without notification. You may be billed extra for the car downtime or for staff working outside scheduled hours.
• Limited choice of cars. If you arrive significantly late without notice, your chosen car may no longer be available (it could have been given to another client or removed from delivery). In this case, you will be offered a different model or will have to wait until a similar car becomes available.
• Shortened rental period. The rental period will start from the originally scheduled pick-up time, even if you are late. Effectively, you lose part of the paid time if the rental schedule is not adjusted to your new arrival.

Obviously, no client wants to face these complications. It is much better to spend a few minutes making a call or sending a message than to deal with the consequences listed above.

Helpful tips in case of a flight delay

• Track your flight status. Monitor departure and arrival information through the airline’s app or the airport’s online display. This way, you will immediately know about delays and can adjust plans in advance.
• Keep contact details handy. Save the rental company’s phone, WhatsApp, and email in your phone before the trip. Upon arrival, if mobile service is unavailable, connect to airport Wi-Fi and send a message via messenger. It is important to have a way to contact us quickly, wherever you are.
• Notify without delay. Inform us of the delay as soon as you receive confirmation of the flight change. Even if the delay seems minor (15–30 minutes), it is better to notify — this allows the rental staff to adjust the waiting time and prevents worry about your absence.
• Check the company policy in advance. When booking, clarify or read the terms regarding how long the company will wait for you in case of a delay. Many keep the booking only for a limited period (e.g., one to two hours), after which the reservation may be canceled. Knowing this time frame helps you understand how critical it is to notify immediately.
• Consider office hours. Pay attention to the rental company’s working hours. If the new estimated arrival time falls outside office hours, discuss in advance whether pick-up during off-hours is possible. Note that night delivery may incur extra charges or be postponed to the morning.
• Get confirmation. Before departure and after sending the notification, make sure the company has received your message. If you sent an email or messenger message and received no response, try calling. The key is to get confirmation that the new pick-up plan is agreed upon.

Timely and proper communication with the rental company will help avoid unnecessary stress. Even in the event of a flight delay, your rental car will be delivered at the updated time and continue to wait for you — you just need to arrange it in advance. Our staff is always ready to assist if you keep them informed. Follow this procedure, and your car rental will start as smoothly as possible, despite the unforeseen flight issue.

Features of Mountain Switchbacks in Georgia

Georgia is a mountainous country, and winding switchback roads are common here. However, most popular routes have fairly good pavement and acceptable width. This means that major attractions are usually accessible via paved roads, where you don’t have to constantly reverse or “squeeze by” oncoming traffic, as is sometimes the case in other mountainous regions. Nevertheless, caution is advised: the mountainous terrain presents its own challenges—steep ascents and descents, narrow winding sections, and limited visibility around turns. Below we examine the most well-known mountainous routes and their characteristics:

Svaneti (Zugdidi – Mestia)

The road to Upper Svaneti is famous for both its beauty and difficulty. The stretch from Zugdidi to the village of Mestia (~130 km) is almost entirely a mountain switchback along the Inguri River. Covering this distance takes at least 4 hours, even though it looks short on the map. After the village of Jvari, the road begins steep curves and a continuous climb. The route has tunnels (about a dozen) and bridges, but also numerous sharp turns, ascents, and descents. In some sections, the road is narrow, with potential rockfalls and mudslides, especially in the off-season. This is a very picturesque route leading to highland villages with medieval towers, but drivers must remain extremely attentive. It’s no wonder the Zugdidi–Mestia road is considered one of the most beautiful and dangerous roads in the country.

Kazbegi (Military-Georgian Road)

The route from Tbilisi through the Cross Pass to Mount Kazbek (town of Stepantsminda) is one of the most popular among tourists. The road passes through the Greater Caucasus Range, reaching an altitude of about 2,370 m at the pass. The Military-Georgian Road has an asphalt surface with one lane in each direction for most of its length. However, it is quite winding: in some places, the switchbacks are very sharp, with tight curves. Approaching the pass, there is a section called the “Mleta Descent”—a series of steep zigzags and loops. Extra caution is required in bad weather: fog, rain, or snow significantly complicate driving. Local drivers, familiar with the route, often drive quickly, making risky overtakes even on mountain turns. Tourists are advised to drive cautiously and follow the speed limit. Night driving on the pass is not recommended—you risk missing spectacular views and face greater stress due to limited visibility. If you are inexperienced in mountain driving, it is better to plan your pass during daylight. In winter, the pass may be temporarily closed due to snow or avalanche risk, so always check current conditions.

Western Georgia (Batumi – Kutaisi and Mountainous Adjara)

The main highway from Batumi to Kutaisi (via Zugdidi and Samtredia, part of the E60/E70 route) runs through lowlands and hills with a relatively gentle relief. This route is considered easy—it’s a standard two-lane road without extreme switchbacks. Pavement quality is good, and traffic can be busy, especially in summer. However, if you turn off the main highway into the Adjara mountains (for example, Batumi – Khulo – Akhaltsikhe via the Goderdzi Pass), you will encounter a challenging mountain switchback. The road there is narrow, with numerous hairpin turns, and in some places lacks reliable guardrails. The last 40 km to Batumi can take about an hour—the road becomes particularly winding near the final descent to the sea. Animals (cows, goats) often appear on these mountain roads, along with unexpected obstacles such as fallen rocks or streams crossing the road. Therefore, if taking alternative routes over mountain passes, be prepared for more extreme conditions. If you stay on the main roads between major cities, usually there are no special difficulties as long as you obey speed limits and stay attentive.

Despite the overall improvement of road conditions in Georgia in recent years, the driving style of locals may seem aggressive. Some drivers overtake on blind mountain curves and do not always follow rules, so foreign tourists must stay alert. Overall, driving on Georgian mountain roads is not frightening if you exercise caution. Many travelers report that with reasonable speed and careful driving, Georgia’s switchbacks are manageable even for drivers with average skills. The key is correctly assessing road conditions and your own capabilities.

Fundamentals of Safe Switchback Driving

The success of a trip on mountain switchbacks largely depends on following basic principles of safe driving. Below are key points to consider:

Speed and Driving Line

In the mountains, speeding is strictly prohibited—high speed on switchbacks can lead to loss of control. Always follow speed limits and reduce speed before every turn. Most mountain curves are blind, with zero visibility of oncoming lanes. Enter curves smoothly along the outside line and avoid “cutting” across lanes. Stay closer to the right edge of your lane, but do not drive onto the shoulder—it may be loose or nonexistent on mountain roads. Before a sharp bend, reduce speed enough to safely navigate without braking sharply within the curve. If you feel you are entering too fast, brake safely before the curve. Maintain a steady low speed through the curve, and only accelerate slightly after exiting. Always be prepared for potential hazards around bends: slow vehicles, animals, pedestrians, or fallen rocks.

Steering and Hand Position

On winding sections, hold the steering wheel with both hands at the “9 and 3 o’clock” position—this ensures maximum control. Make smooth steering movements without jerks. For very tight turns (almost 180° hairpins), you may need to reposition your hands—do so deliberately and in advance. Do not cross your hands excessively; work the wheel evenly. In emergencies (e.g., unexpected skidding), correct hand placement allows faster reaction and vehicle stabilization. Experienced drivers often wear thin gloves for better grip—hands may sweat in heat, and gloves prevent slipping. It’s not mandatory but useful for long mountain drives.

Following Distance

Keep an increased distance from the car ahead. In mountains, you cannot use the usual “city” distance—braking distances change unpredictably due to slopes and turns. If the vehicle in front brakes suddenly, you need enough space to stop safely. Increase distance also due to limited visibility: several cars may be ahead in a line, and a hazard (fallen rock, etc.) could appear two or three cars ahead—extra space gives time to react. Distance is especially important on descents: brakes heat up and lose efficiency, so extra space is your safeguard. On long ascents, do not follow closely behind slow vehicles; leave room for them to climb without pressure. If a car rolls backward while shifting on a slope (especially manual cars), distance prevents collision. Beginners in automatic cars should slow down and let the vehicle ahead complete the ascent before starting their own—safety is more important than saving a few minutes.

Overtaking on Mountain Roads

Overtaking on a switchback is the riskiest maneuver; avoid it if possible. On narrow one-lane roads, overtake only on well-visible straight sections where you are sure no oncoming vehicles are hundreds of meters ahead. If slow traffic (e.g., a truck) forms a line, wait for a legally allowed overtaking zone (marked by dashed lines and signs). Never overtake on a blind curve! Many locals risk overtaking on solid lines and blind bends—do not imitate this recklessness. Remember, rental cars do not have sports car dynamics, and you may be unfamiliar with road specifics. Better to lose a few minutes than risk a head-on collision. If a local driver aggressively tries to overtake, safely move to the right and let them pass; do not accelerate out of spite. Be aware that fast locals may flash lights, demanding right of way—remain calm, increase interval, and use the nearest turnout to let them pass safely.

Use of Horn

In mountains, it is considered appropriate to occasionally sound the horn before entering a blind sharp turn. This alerts oncoming drivers. Many Georgian drivers themselves honk on particularly tight curves—you can adopt this practice, especially when a warning sign “sound horn” appears. Do not overuse it, but signaling yourself in the mountains is useful. The horn can also scare off livestock (cows, horses) often found wandering on Georgian mountain roads.

Braking on Descents with Automatic Transmission

One of the main rules of mountain driving: use engine braking predominantly. This means downshifting on descents to let the engine slow the car rather than relying solely on the brake pedal. In a manual car, it is straightforward: shift to 2nd or even 1st gear at the start of the descent. But what about an automatic? Modern automatics also have modes suitable for mountains. Let’s examine engine braking techniques on an automatic and the available transmission modes:

• D (Drive) mode – standard driving mode. On normal flat roads, the automatic shifts gears up for fuel efficiency. On steep descents, D may shift to a higher gear, causing the car to accelerate downhill and require constant braking. A common mistake for beginners is staying in D the entire descent and using the brake constantly, which overheats brake discs and pads, reducing braking efficiency and risking failure. On long descents in D, engage manual or lower gears.
• L (Low), 2 or 3 mode. Many automatics have L (lowest gear) or numeric positions 1–3 limiting maximum gear. Use L or a lower gear on descents to prevent the transmission from upshifting and ensure consistent engine braking. On steep switchbacks, L keeps the car in 1st gear, controlling speed without brakes. In milder conditions, 2 allows shifting between 1st and 2nd gears. Some cars have S (Sport) mode—it keeps RPMs high and delays upshifts, useful on slopes.
• M (Manual) or +/- mode. Many modern automatics allow manual shifting (paddle or gear lever). This is very convenient in mountains: you select gears yourself. Switch to manual mode on switchbacks and choose lower gears on descents. For example, before a steep descent, shift “-” to 2nd or 1st gear—the car moves slower, reducing brake load. On ascents, you can hold a gear to prevent unnecessary shifting. Manual mode gives better control on slopes.
• Combined braking technique. Even with engine braking, you cannot entirely avoid the brakes. Correct approach: drive in lower gear and brake intermittently, avoiding prolonged pedal pressure. Never coast in neutral downhill—it’s dangerous and overheats brakes instantly. Keep a gear engaged; if speed rises, brake with short pulses, letting brakes cool. Continuous braking from top to bottom risks pedal fade and burnt smells—clear signs of brake overheating. Alternate engine braking and pedal to avoid this.

Why an automatic is convenient in mountains: for tourists unaccustomed to extreme driving, it reduces workload—no need for frequent shifting, allowing focus on steering and line. On long twisty ascents, automatics prevent stalling or rolling back—the torque converter ensures smooth hill starts. In busy resorts (e.g., Gudauri in summer), automatics are more comfortable—no fatigue from clutch use. Advantages: less stress for beginners, cannot select wrong gear, electronics prevent stalling mid-ascent.

Automatic limitations: must know how to use modes correctly. Driving “as on flat roads” without downshifting can overload brakes. Modern automatics (especially adaptive or Sport) often detect descents and hold gears, downshifting for assistance, but do not rely entirely—manual selection is safer. Also, transmission heat can rise during prolonged uphill driving in hot weather, but normally not critical if used properly.

In general, automatic transmissions are very convenient for tourists in mountains if used wisely. Many rental cars in Georgia are automatic, and thousands of travelers successfully navigate mountain routes following the rules above.

Seasonal Driving Features in the Mountains

Georgia’s mountain switchbacks require different skills depending on the season. Road conditions, weather, and traffic volume vary throughout the year. Below are the main seasonal factors:

Summer (June – August)

Summer is high tourist season. Traffic increases: minibuses, rental cars, off-road convoys. Narrow sections can be congested (roadworks or accidents). Plan early morning departures to avoid peak traffic, especially on popular routes like the Military-Georgian Road.

Temperature and vehicle load: daytime heat (up to +35 °C in lowlands; cooler but sunny in mountains) stresses engines and brakes. Long descents in heat increase brake overheating risk. Check brake response—if pedal feels soft or you smell burning, stop safely to cool down. High air temperature can also overheat engines on high-RPM climbs; check coolant and radiator before the trip. Cabin may be hot—ensure air conditioning or ventilation works, as opening windows on dusty mountain roads with wind is uncomfortable.

Mountain weather in summer: usually few rains, but thunderstorms occur. Heavy rain can wash roads with water and debris from slopes. Visibility drops, tires lose grip. In heavy rain, wait if possible; if driving, turn on low beams (or fog lights), keep even greater distance, and drive at minimal safe speed. Landslides are also possible in wet soil.

Tip: long summer days can make drivers complacent. Scenic views and relaxed passengers may distract. Do not look at landscapes while driving—one second can cause trouble. Stop at viewpoints to enjoy scenery. Always wear sunglasses—bright southern sun can blind you at critical moments on switchbacks.

Autumn (September – November)

Early autumn (Sept – early Oct) is favorable: cooler, fewer tourists, stable weather. Towards November, conditions become unpredictable: frequent rain, morning fog, first frosts in mountains.

Wet roads and leaves: fallen leaves are dangerous. After rain, wet leaves become slippery like ice. Tires lose grip, braking distance increases. Dry leaves hide potholes or wet spots. Reduce speed on leafy sections, avoid sharp maneuvers and braking.

Rain and mud: prolonged autumn rains can wash soil onto roads. Tires lose grip on wet asphalt—reduce speed below dry road limits. Rain with leaves worsens lane marking visibility. Use lights in fog or rain; stop if visibility drops below 50 m in a safe place.

Fog: Common in mountains in autumn. Entering a cloud may reduce visibility to a few meters. Use fog lights or low beams; never high beams. Drive in low gear, follow lane markings or roadside edge. GPS can help anticipate curves. Patience and minimal speed are essential. Fog is often local and clears after a few km or sunrise.

By late autumn (November), first snow may appear on high passes (Cross, Goderdzi, etc.). Night temperatures often drop below 0 °C. Be prepared for winter conditions—discussed below.